why is afghanistan being so difficult? one minute for me to play professor haqqani instead of ambassador haqqani. history, when the soviets left, a lot of regional powers all ended up adopting the different factions of the armed groups in afghanistan that had and created primarily to fight the soviet union. the americans created a vacuum. some groups were adopted by a random, some groups by the russians and subsequently the central asian states, some by our neighbors in india and some by pakistan so you ended up having different groups, having links with different regional actors and regional powers. and so, any reconciliation in afghanistan has to be based on the concept that none of the regional powers will play a role in afghanistan in terms of trying to dictate the outcome of the reconciliation. what can pakistan do? pakistan is willing to facilitate in every way. we still have 2.5 million refugees, afghan refugees in pakistan. the afghans in pakistan said you know, we have the ethnic overlap, the pashtuns in afghanist